Final work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Final work - Essay Example We detail phonemic inventories, phonotactics, Inflectional morphology and simple sentences in the language studied. We also discuss about pragmatics of wordplay and question formation strategies. The language chosen here is called Pitjantjatjara. It is from central Australia and it is a dialect of the Western Desert Language (Andrew).this is because of its interestingness and its similarity to my language Sei. My consonant inventory consist bilabial, labiodental, alveolar, retroflex, palatal, velar, uvular, and glottal. There is Glottal, Uvular and Labiodental in my language which are not there in Pitjantjatjara. However both Pitjantjatjara and Sei do have Plosives, Nasals and Bilabials. It has 20 constants, 20 vowels from front to back and from close to open. In â€Å"sei†, onsets are required and complex onset are allowed. For instance, the word [Ê‹É ¸y], which means water in English can be CCV and CC is the onset is the nucleus. In this case complex onsets are allowed in â€Å"sei†. Polar questions are the questions want more complex answers other than yes or no. Content questions are the questions that use â€Å"what† to ask the question (Bischoff and Fountain). In my language, polar questions are similar to those in English. However, content questions in my language we put â€Å"what† in front of the sentence instead of the beginning. For example: In this paper my goal was to understand linguistics and I have focused on the key aspects of linguistics. I have focused on the sound system, morphology and syntax and question formation and pragmatics. From these chapters I feel I know linguistics and I realize that every language is dynamic and

Review of an Academic Research Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Review of an Academic Research Paper - Essay Example The research paper conveys the whole process of research from collection of data, to analysis, and to final discussion. For this reason the researchers should be careful while writing the academic research paper and should make sure that all elements and parts of a proper academic research paper are included. The basic layout of the academic research paper consists of following elements: abstract, key words, introduction, literature review, methodology part, analysis and findings, discussion part, and the conclusion and recommendations. Along with this another important element is of the references, as it is important to properly acknowledge the sources of secondary information within the academic research paper. In this paper, the academic research paper by Stainton, Johnson, and Borodizicz (2010) on the topic of â€Å"Education validity of business gaming simulation: a research methodology framework† has been critically analysed on the basis of the proper layout for the acad emic research paper. In the research paper the authors have explored the overall validity of the business gaming simulation on the basis of the previous researches and have proposed a framework for the successful educational validity studies which can facilitate the simulation designers in the process of implementing the valuable simulation media.

Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and Assignment

Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children - Assignment Example Conducted to an average mean age of six, the children underwent gastrointestinal, developmental tests and neurological testing. The results show that all the children had gastrointestinal disease and poor development. The poor development is associated with the change of environment from their homes to the pediatric facility (A J Walkfield, 1998). The method of testing includes the clinical investigation, laboratory investigation and histology. Developmental testing is conducted with the help of the parents. Ileocolonoscopy is then conducted after bowel preparation. Biopsy samples of the mucosa are then taken for testing from the terminal ileum. Urine is also tested to measure the amount of urinary methylmalonic acid. Magnetic imaging resonance is conducted to check the cerebral response. Stem auditory and sensory together with lumbar puncture is also done. None of the 12 children showed neurological abnormalities according to the clinical tests. Child number eight-showed slow development because of an earlier operation on her aorta. Eight of the children showed poor development due to infection of measles, mumps or rubella vaccination. All the children tested negative for antiendomyseal test. Eight children were reported to have mucosal and rectal abnormalities. Terminal lymphoid hyperplasia was also reported in nine children. Parasites and organisms were not present in the intestines of the 12 children. The goblet cells were not also depleted. The developmental regression results from of loss of coordination in the bladder or bowel function. The increased permeability into the intestinal walls is as a result of deficiency of the phenyl-sulphur transferase enzyme. Strains of measles vaccine have been traced to children suffering from autoimmune hepatitis hence playing a major role in the developmental regression. Vitamin B12 was deficient in the children since there was an increase in the methylmalonic acid concentrations. Vitamin B12

HUMAN RESOURCES IN ACTION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

HUMAN RESOURCES IN ACTION - Essay Example The link to career is very informative as all jobs contain company description, job description, department, and requirements. However, salary is not mentioned against any job which is one of the main factors users usually look for while finding and applying for a job. I think the website is perfect in everything. For example, navigation is easy for users to do, user interface is very user-friendly, and use of background and text colors is excellent as it makes easy for the users to read the material. However, one thing that I have noted is that the website is a little heavy as it takes some time to move on to the next page. May be this problem does not occur with fast internet connections but for average users, it does take some time. As a manager, the only improvement to the website that I would like to make will be enabling of the drop down list against each link which is not working at the moment for the links. This will definitely make content exploration easier for the users. C ompany 2: Caesars Entertainment The second company chosen for review is Caesars Entertainment which is the world’s premier casino entertainment providing hospitality company. ... Along with this, some links to ‘hot opening’ jobs are also given by default so that users can apply in those jobs directly. However, I did not find many jobs available in the company when I tried to search jobs based on my preferred criteria. I think the website provides sufficient information about everything. Navigation is also easy and takes very less time to open because of no heavy material inside. Use of background and front end text colors also make it easy for the users to read the material. However, the text size is small, which as a manager, I would like to increase in order to make the text easily readable for the users. B) Recruitment Methods for Starwood Hotels and Resorts For the Manager Food and Beverages Department, Starwood Hotels and Resorts can use internal sourcing to make existing employees aware of new job opportunities by publishing information about job vacancies within the company. Some of the main advantages of internal sourcing for the company will include reduced advertising fees, time saving related to candidates’ selection, no training costs for new employees, and increased employee dedication (Richason). Whereas, some disadvantages will include reduced motivation for employees who do not get promotion, no new ideas, and new vacancies left due to promotions (Riley). Starwood Hotels and Resorts can also use external sourcing to recruit employees by publishing job vacancies in magazines, newspapers, and other sources. The advantages of external sourcing for the company would be increased pool for selection, emergence of new cooking and management ideas, and wider range of department management experience. Some

Facebook wastes time Essay Example for Free

Facebook wastes time Essay I believe that facebook is bad. In this essay I will tell that Facebook wastes time, occupies the hosts mind and is not, no matter what people say is not the same as actual social interaction. Facebook is not my friend and neither should it be yours, My first reason why facebook is not my friend is because that it wastes everybody time. Now my argument is just armed at facebook, but also the people who make facebook games, Zynga is a major corporation that owns any and all good facebook is games. Facebook itself almost makes you check it, making you wonder what your friends are up to, the idea of a public diary almost, something that anybody can contribute to, a encyclopaedia of a persons life if you will. You could spend minuets, an hour maybe hours at a time just staring at a page when you could be doing something more important, maths homework perhaps? My second argument is that it occupies the hosts mind and doesn’t let anything else in. What I mean by this is that facebook is what some people always think about, they think how many likes they get, what people say about them through private messages and most importantly for some people, how many friends they have. There has been a term for people like these, facebook aholics, people that are always on facebook or worse, people who always think about facebook. There are times that I know that people lose their social life for a virtual life, people stop planning meetings and instead plan them on facebook, the days of not too long ago of RSVP’ing is no lost as almost every event is through facebook and that’s how people respond to them. Free thinking is gone, it is no more, everything on the internet is a reblog, a reblog of a reblog, and all of this is shared through facebook, people think what they are told, and they are told though facebook, nothing new nothi ng original. My last argument is that instant messaging through facebook is not the same as actual social interaction, face to face. The chat system on facebook is the most used one on facebook, pages, walls, games are all good and everything, but what really makes facebook great is the chat system on it, or so we think. There are 26 letters on the keyboard, 10 numbers, 13 symbols, and yet unbelievably this does not make the same level of interaction as talking to someone. When was the last time a person came up to you in the street, someone you know, and they said Heezzz howssss you doings if you can tell me a time of when that happened I would suggest finding some new friends. While people may express themselves differently from behind a computer screen I still find no excuse for people to talk likez thiss it makes them seem like an even bigger idiot then they are. People cloud their identity, pretend to be something or someone they arent, and that makes the entire socialisation, well pointless . Those are just some reasons you shouldnt use facebook, facebook is horrible, nobody should use it, it wastes time, fills your mind with nothing but junk and is far more unhealthy socially then going out and talking. Facebook is not my friend, neither is it yours, take a stand, unfriend facebook.

Use of Ace Inhibitors for Treatment of Hypertension Essay Example for Free

Use of Ace Inhibitors for Treatment of Hypertension Essay The prevalence of hypertension globally has sparked much research on medications and ways to cure it. Although there are varieties of medications available in the market to control hypertension, there are still none that can actually cure it. Until the time a drug to cure hypertension emerges, hypertension will be controlled by the use of antihypertensive drugs. Among the few well known classes of antihypertensive drugs is a group of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or ACE inhibitors. ACE inhibitors are a fairly recent addition to the antihypertensive drug class and have been widely used since then due to its many potential benefits. ACE inhibitors are indicated for many conditions which include hypertension, prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disorders, and prevention of nephropathy in diabetes mellitus. When used in hypertension, it is done so in combination with diuretics with fairly good results. (Merck, 2003)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The use of ACE inhibitors is especially useful for congestive heart failure patients. Therefore, it is indicated in cases where hypertension exists in correlation with congestive heart failure. There has been a significant decrease in the overall morbidity and mortality rates of patients suffering from both the conditions when using ACE inhibitors.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The mode of action of these drugs is many fold, and for that reason very effective in the treatment of hypertension. For instance, it acts on the vascular system to reduce vascular pressure, which allows for less arterial pressure, combined with more venous capacity, thus immediately reducing the blood pressure. Alongside, it increases cardiac output and cardiac index and stroke volume. The main function of the ACE inhibitors, however, is the inhibition of the ACE enzyme, which is responsible for increased vascular pressure, ventricular remodeling, production of aldosterone and vasopressin respectively. (Katzung, 2004)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Such drugs however, require careful dosage regimes based on extensive studying of the case, as there are many side effects associated with these drugs. The most common of these include hypotension, due to the vasodilator effect of the drugs.(Merck, 2003)   The second most common problem is the development of persistent cough in such patients, which leads to reduction in patient compliance. The bid and tid dosage regimes also reduce the patients’ compliance. Due to its renal effects, ACE inhibitors must be used carefully in cases where damage to the kidney is expected or the kidneys are functionally impaired. For example, in patients with renal artery stenosis, the use of these drugs can lead to renal impairment. The prevention of release of aldosterone caused by these drugs impairs excretion of potassium in the body, which can lead to hyperkalemia. Increased levels can also lead to the development of angioedema, which can be life threatening. ACE inhibitors are also contraindicated in patients who are pregnant as it is teratogenic in nature. (Kaplan and Rose, 2007)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Due to the mode of activity of these drugs, the ACE inhibitors become contraindicated in cases of history of angioedemas or renal artery stenosis, compromised renal functioning capacities, aortic valve stenosis and in patients suffering from hypovolumia. (Klabunde, 2007)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Many drugs now belong to this category, however, the paper will discuss three of these, captopril, enalapril and lisinopril.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Captopril main mode of action lies in the suppression of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. By inhibiting the ACE inhibitor, angiotensin I is prevented from converting into angiotensin II.   Captopril enjoys universal attention due to the fact that it is the first ACE inhibitor introduced. Its mode of action and its effect were considered a breakthrough at the time of its conception. Its action is two fold. Firstly, it helps in dilating the vessels, thereby helping reduce blood pressure. Secondly, it has shown very good performance in the cases of myocardial infarction and congestive heart failure. And thirdly, it has shown good results in the prevention of diabetic nephropathy. (www.rxlist.com)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There is very little difference in the working of all the ACE drugs, however, captopril differs in this respect due to its shorter duration of action and increased chances of adverse effects.   This intensity of side effects potentiated further research, the result of which was the introduction of enalapril in the market, and still further drugs subsequently. Regardless of the drug, the ACE inhibitors generally take several weeks of administration to give full effectiveness and results. When used with thiazide diuretics, the results achieved are even more.(Merck, 2003)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Captopril is administered one hour before meals to achieve maximum peak volume concentration, which is reached within an hour of ingestion of drug. Initial dosage may be as low as 25 mg bid or tid, and gradually can be increased to double dose bid or tid. The addition of thiazide diuretics is usually carried out when using captopril alone at 50 mg alone does not sufficiently control blood pressure.(Katzung, 2004) This range can be increased to 150 mg per day, provided the use of a thiazide diuretic is also carried out. The administration of drug results in the lowering of blood pressure within one hour. Renal blood flow is increased; however, the GFR remains unchanged. When used with digitalis, captopril shows good efficacy in the treatment of congestive heart failure. Its use has been very favorable in patients who had previously suffered from myocardial infarction, or those with left ventricular dysfunction. In case of LVD and CHF or MI, the usual starting dose is 50 mg target dose. (Kaplan and Rose, 2007)   Ã‚  Ã‚     Captopril has shown to increase the risk of developing neutropenia and agranulocytosis and therefore, full blood picture is mandatory for patients using captopril for a prolonged period. Also, since mode of elimination from the body is through the kidneys, the use of captopril becomes contraindicated or at least under observation in cases of renal impairment or dysfunction. (Katzung, 2004)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Enalapril is the second drug introduced in the ACE inhibitor series. The main reason for its production was to eliminate the problems seen with the use of captopril. As in captopril, the drug utilizes the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Production of enalapril involved changing the molecular constitution of captopril, and therefore, the final result was the first dicarboxylate- containing ACE inhibitor, or enalaprilat. However, this modification limited the use of this drug as intravenous injection only. Further modifications in this structure led to the oral form by the name enalapril. (www.rxlist.com)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Enalapril works by converting itself through hydrolysis into enalaprilat in the body. Enalaprilat then inhibits the ACE enzyme. The peak serum levels are reached within an hour of administration of the drug. As opposed to captopril, enalapril absorption is independent of gastric contents; rather it is dependant on the urinary recovery. In hypertensive patients, the dosage of enalapril results in both supine and standing but not orthostatic hypotension. This effect is not seen in case of captopril. The antihypertensive activity becomes visible within one hour of administration of the drug. This effect then remains for around 24 hours. Similar to captopril, enalapril shows improved hypertensive control when administered with a thiazide diuretic. it is also indicated for cases suffering from heart failure, and asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction. (Kaplan and Rose, 2007)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Unlike captopril, which can be administered simultaneously with a preceding diuretic, enalapril can only be started after cessation of the diuretic after two to three days. This is essential to minimize the risk of developing hypotension. If this is not possible a test dose of 2.5 mg is given for at least two hours under observation, and the drug administered accordingly. The usual dosage regime may vary from 10 to 40 mg per day, and that is if the patient is not on a diuretic. Dose adjustment becomes necessary for patients who have impaired renal function, which may require reduction of the dose to almost half of the average 5 mg. this dosage is amenable to changes based on the blood pressure response seen. (www.rxlist.com)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Enalapril is highly favored over captopril as it has lesser side effects than its predecessor. It has a well toleration response, and the adverse effects are very mild in nature. Patients may complain of fatigue, asthenia, diarrhea and nausea, headache and dizziness, cough and skin rash. These symptoms can be present with varying degrees according to the reason why the drug is being administered. For example in heart cases, it can also lead to syncope symptoms and some differences in the special sensory perceptions. Angioedema is perhaps the most serious side effect of enalapril, with severity seen more in blacks than in non-black populations. This can be very fatal should laryngeal angioedema ensue. Initial doses can lead to fall of blood pressure and hypotension, which must be monitored very closely. Hyperkalemia, increase in blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinin levels, and decrease in hematocrit and hemoglobin can also be seen. Liver enzymes can also become elevated. (Merck manual, 2003)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The effects of enalapril were much improved and effective with lesser side effects when compared to captopril, however, the speed of effect was still high in the case of captopril. The third drug to get introduced in the series of ACE inhibitors became lisinopril. The drug was important as it was the first hydrophilic ACE inhibitor introduces, with longer half life and penetration in the tissue. The drug remains the same even after excretion from the body, and is indicated for all the conditions mentioned above for which ACE inhibitors are introduced. While captopril and enalapril were made for bid and tid dosages, lisinopril, due to its longer half life, is generally administered once a day, helping aid patient compliance.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The mode of action is similar to its sister drugs, that is the drug acts by inhibiting the ACE enzyme. The peak serum concentration of this drug however, is reached after 7 hours, compared to one hour of both captopril and enalapril. When used for hypertension, it results in the reduction of both standing and supine hypertension, with â€Å"no compensatory tachycardia†(Rx list, 2007)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The dosage of lisinopril is given according to the drug history of the patient. Patients with no use of diuretics are given 10 mg per day as initial dose. This can be increased from 20 to 40 mg as the case may need. In diuretic using patients, the protocol for the administration of lisinopril is the same as for enalapril. The diuretic is stopped two to three days prior to the administration of lisinopril, and observed for signs of hypotension. Dosage is then adjusted according to the body response of the patient. This drug should not be given along with any potassium supplements as it can lead to hyperkalemia. Renal status similarly, addresses the dosage of the drug, with 10 mg as standard for normal kidney function, 5 mg for moderate to severe renal impairment, and 2.5 mg or so for dialysis patients after proper observation and blood pressure response. (Klabubde, 2007)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Side effects of lisinopril are not so different from the side effects seen in the case of enalapril and captopril. However, cough becomes the primary side effect of this drug along with fatigue and asthenia etc. In all cases of ACE inhibitors, the side effects must be monitored closely and managed accordingly should the need arise. (ACE Inhibitors, 2004)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In conclusion, the introduction of ACE inhibitors has been a welcome addition in the antihypertensive drug family and is now used widely due to its excellent prognosis in patients with concurrent heart conditions. Its use with thiazide diuretics has been widely documented and further studies will help in the introduction of much improved brands of ACE inhibitors. References ACE inhibitor drugs. Site last accessed on August 5, 2007 from www.rxlist.com ACE inhibitors, 2004. Site last accessed on August 5, 2007 from http://www.chfpatients.com/ace_old.htm Norman A Kaplan and Burton D Rose, 2007. ACE inhibitors in the Treatment of Hypertension. Site last accessed on August 5, 2007 from http://patients.uptodate.com/topic.asp?file=hyperten/10107#1 Richard E. Klabunde, 2007. Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors. Site last accessed on August 5, 2007 from http://cvpharmacology.com/vasodilator/ACE.htm Bertram G. Katzung, 2004. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, ninth edition. The Merck Manual of Medical Information. Second Home Edition. Section III, Heart and Blood Vessel Disorders.

Effectiveness of global governance

Effectiveness of global governance Never in the history of the world, has there been such dynamic and complicated level of political, social, economic and cultural fusion. The world as we have it now has evolved from the political era of colonization, which featured states like the United Kingdom and France governing almost all parts of the world, to the subsequent emancipation of states, the popularization of democracy simultaneously with the jet rate of improvement in information technology and transport, which has more or less led to the new world that we have today, the one where lives are so intertwined that distance, gender and colour are no barrier, the world where racism has lost most of its meaning, as people from different races and backgrounds are united in ensuring that the technological revolution does not negatively impact us all. The wide spread of scientific and technological discoveries has brought about the emergence of issues which transcend states borders, from free trade, deregulation, drug trade, Internet scam, Cancer, HIV, Global warming to Terrorism. These issues have more or less propelled states towards joint international efforts, aimed at providing a measure of safety and orderliness in world affairs. Global governance has been given a lot of interpretations in literatures. Global governing can be seen as the coming together of different transnational actors to address political, economic, social and cultural issues of international importance that transcend national or regional borders. This essay will attempt to focus on the existence of global governance and the people and organisations which has been instrumental to global governing, these are regarded as actors in global governance and can be grouped into the Nation-State, International organisations, Transnational or Multinational Corporations, and (International)Non Governmental Organisations. I will also go further to explore the effectiveness, or lack thereof, of global governance. This essay adopts the Neo Gramscian theory of global governance which postulates that there is the presence of hegemonic power dominance in global politics and economics. These powers uses international organisations to maintain the existence of capitalism, thus shaping global governance at the expense of a majority of the society, (Gill, 2000; Gill and Law, 1993; in Held and McGrew, 2002. P.13). I will conclude this essay by suggesting some possible reforms that can bring about some effectiveness in global governance. Global gove rnance exist in theory and practice, what remains contestable is its effectiveness in addressing global issues. Actors In The Shaping Of Global Governance THE NATION STATE The state can be defined in terms of a geographical and cultural entity, with heterogeneous or homogenous people occupying a definite territory. With this definition, we see that every geographically marked entity is a state, sovereign or not. The state as we have it today has come to be associated with sovereignty, security, power and territory, and as the only means of ensuring its citizens are well provided for. The inclusion of the state in global governance, thus, is automatic. Among all the actors in global governance, the state has the longest history of existence, seen by their citizens as their representative both nationally and internationally. The bloc of nations regarded as developed countries are those indutrialized states which have enjoyed aeons of political and economic dominance, while the developing countries is reserved for The state has been instrumental in the creation of all other political actors, (Held, 2000. P.398). International organisations are the result of state deliberations and agreement, free trade, liberalized economy, recognition of fundamental human rights, and democracy adopted by the states have given transnational corporations and Non Governmental organisations alike, the freedom to contribute to global governance. The inclusion of these non state actors in governance, to some people, has eroded the powers enjoyed by the states,(Mathews, 1997. p.50) while this might be true to an extent, it is noteworthy that the state still remains the most powerful actors, controlling the international institutions and their own territories. States like the United States of America, with a strong dose of hegemonic power, and China still get veto power on most issues in the international arena, and since international institutions laws are binding on NGOs and TNCs alike, it follows that they are still a little bit indirectly controlled by the states. INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS International organisations simply refer to those organisations which are created as a result of the enhanced relationships between states, for the purpose of overseeing political, economic, and social relations between them, to ensure fair dealings amongst states, and act as an arbitrator whenever dispute arises. International organisations can be split into those organisations set up through state agreements (membership is optional for all nations of the world), and those which are also set up by the state, but for states sharing the same region,(regional organisations). Examples of the former include The United Nations, The World Trade Organization(WTO) formerly the General Agreements on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), The World Bank, and The International Monetary Fund(IMF). Examples of the latter include The European Union(EU), The North American Free Trade Agreement(NAFTA), The African Union(AU), and The Association of Southeast Asian Nations,(ASEAN). The international organisations like the GATT, IMF and the World Bank were established during the Bretton Woods conference following the great depression. The United Nations was established in 1945 to promote international peace and cooperation, world security and human rights. Its membership include almost all soveriegn nations of the world and it has a number of organisations set up to carry out its duties. Organisations which include the World Health Organisation (WHO), the World Food Programme (WFP), the United Nations Children Fund (UNICEF), and the International Court of Justice (ICJ). TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS Transnational corporations are such corporations, which due to large capacity or capital, have been able to establish branches of their organisation in other countries apart from their home country. They are called transnational because they have been able to establish their subsidiaries in countries more than one. These corporations are also referred to as Multinational Corporations(MNCs). According to Held et al, MNCs account for about 25% of world production, and 70% of world trade, while their sales are equivalent to almost half of the worlds GDP(Held et al.,1999; UNCTAD,2001, in Held and McGrew. 2002: p.3). These corporations are usually privately owned, or owned by a group of persons with public shares. Examples of TNCs include Microsoft, Adidas, Wal-Mart, General Electric, Hewlett Packard, ExxonMobil, Toyota, etc. TNCs exist in every industry known to mankind. The emergence of TNCs in the global economic arena has led to their inclusion in the political arena also, as they have become forces to reckon with in the international scene. The liberalization of trade, globalisation and democracy, revolutions in information technology and transport, has enabled these corporations to transfer their technology and services to different countries with favourable market structures, and has more or less unleashed their ability to give a new meaning to global economy. Due to efficiency and technological advancements of these firms, we see the privatization of government controlled corporations to them. In Nigeria for example, the Nigerian Telecommunications was privatized, giving TNCs the right to bid and buy, which resulted into the sale of the Nigerian Telecommunications plc, to Transcorp Ltd. Government-controlled firms are increasingly outsourced to TNCs, and their expertise is sought on various occasions. The reason why TNCs are more popular and important in the world and especially in the developing world is because, due to their large capital base, they have been able to establish their presence in a lot of countries, they have enough capital to hire and pay smart technological geeks to keep them abreast of technological innovations, they even practically invent most things themselves anyway!. These companies, unlike most state departments, are sophisticated and dedicated because they are capitalists who have been able to put together a team of people who are best in providing the services required. For instance, in Nigerian federal universities, it is not uncommon to find lackadaisical attitudes to teaching amongst lecturers mainly because there is always salary disagreements between themselves and the federal government. Meanwhile, private universities in the same country can effectively boast of the best,(might not be most experienced though!) lecturers because they can afford to pay them and monitor their activities. Subsequently, they use these incentives to draw federal lecturers away from government service. Capitalism is the main driving force of TNCs, and this is a great propeller for their competition for economic and probably, political power control. NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS Non Governmental organisations,(NGOs) can be regarded as organisations or movements which are not established by the government of any state, rather they are liberal activist charity groups usually founded by individuals or corporate firms, to address issues affecting the society as result of globalisation. They are either globally recognised(International NGOs), or local mobilization groups. NGOs as we see this days, have been a significant force in global governance through their involvement and activities on issues such as the protection of human rights, environmental hazards awareness, the promotion of gender equality, etc, (Held and McGrew,2002. P.244) NGOs activities, like every other sector of the world affairs, have been made easier and more global as a result of the technological revolutions, (Castells,2008. P.86). Small scale activist groups get the chance to advertise and liaise with other people who share their vision in other parts of the world, to build a strong network for their cause. Examples of INGOs include the Amnesty International, The Red Cross Society, Greenpeace, etc., all of whose specialization ranges from environmental awareness and first aid, to the popularization of fundamental human rights. NGOs are individual organisations who do not command the kind of traditional sovereignty enjoyed by the states and International organisations, or the capital that TNCs can boast of. As such, they resort to mass mobilization of workers, activists, and volunteers, as well as funds from corporate organisations, government donations, members dues, individuals committed to charity, to effectively realize their goals. Concerned with humanitarian affairs, reduction of poverty, diseases, and the improvement of the welfare of the people in the developing countries, NGOs charge themselves with the duty of providing first aid, relief materials to victims of war and natural disaster, sensitizing people about growing killer diseases, while also acting as the mouth piece for the millions of neglected people, whose voices will never be heard in the international arena. Due to the nature of their activities and scope of concentration, we often find NGOs acting in roles traditionally meant for gover nments- providing avenue for public opinion for the people, (Wilkinson, 2002. P.xii). we also find that local NGOs could actually be single people who felt they needed to make a change in their environment, a classical example being nominees of the CNN Hero awards, people like 28year old Efren PenaFlorida who founded a teen company to keep youngsters out of gangsterism, and Andrea Ivory, a lady who gives free awareness and tests to women to detect early signs of cancer, (CNN Living,2009). These people use their money, resources and time to promote a better world in their own way. The main contributions of NGOs to global governance lies in their attempt to influence the decisions of states and international organizations to include areas which affect not only the economic lives of people, but the social and cultural areas as well, in their legislations, i.e., to ensure that public opinion is sought on issues, and people benefit from both political and social globalisation. They also seek equality and social justice, (OBrien, 2007. P.394). Equality and social justice as regards gender bias, economic imbalance between nations, racism, and social stratification. NGOs have been the most effective way of ensuring increased awareness of international politics to public opinion, they have, as far as I see, been able to somewhat promote accountability and transparency in global governance. Governments now know that there are associations which will launch demonstrations and picketings on them when they make selfish policies. BENEFITS OF GLOBAL GOVERNANCE The form of global governance that we have today, regardless of obvious lapses, controversies and inconsistences, have been able to keep the world in a relative sanity, preventing anarchy, which would have been what we will have in absence of a regulating system. Due to the growing interconnectedness, the world needed a machinery that can be used to provide law and order and maintain relations. The ability of the form of governing that we have today, to successfully keep the negative aspects of globalisation to a bearable minimum, has also been a plus on its part. If we did not have international organisations to regulate and arbitrate, states would probably have been raining weapons of mass destruction on each other!. This is very important because, in globalisation of the magnitude that we currently have, there should be a system to ensure orderliness, and the International organisations are surprisingly providing this in their own way. Global governing has also been able (to a limited extent), check the excesses of governments against their own citizens and against other countries. This is more on the part of international organisations. They have been able to impose sanctions where agreements are breached, and this has promoted some form of accountability and responsibilty. It has also been able to reduce wars between nations through negotiations , arbitrations and sanctions, which probably even made going to war more tedious than before. SHORTCOMINGS OF GLOBAL GOVERNANCE People usually say that the form of global governance that we have today has done little to be effective in terms of keeping peace and maintaining economic and social stability. This is not an unfounded accusation. The inability of international organisations to effectively eradicate the gap between the rich nations and the poor nations (Murphy, C.N. 2000. P.789), socially and economically, has led to a distrust for the system. Poorer or developing nations have been given a chance to develop through free trade, and economic liberalisation, while developed countries have been given the chance to officially exploit the poor nations through this same economic policies. The policies made by these organisations are deliberated upon by participating nations, but like in the case of the United Nations, vetoed by the security council, which comprises of the most powerful nations of the world. At the end of the day, we can say most policies will not end up being objective. This also brings in the unfairness of the system. Whether it is obvious or not, global governance is still aware of hegemonic powers and their influence, as such, preference is given to them above others. Even TNCs who do not make international rules, will probably sign a deal with the United States faster than it would, say, Benin Republic, except of course if it has a capitalistic motive on the latter. The coalition of the states, international organisations, non governmental organisations, and transnational corporations, has led to multiplicity of opinion, interests, and actions. This is bound to have a negative effect on the society. Effective global governing cannot accommodate extreme diversity of opinion, and this sometimes bring chaos of ideas and ineffective policy making, and there goes the saying of Too many cooks spoil the broth!. International organisations are accountable to their creators,(the states), NGOs are accountable to their donors, while the TNCs are accountable to their owners, and possibly, shareholders. This, I see as multiplicity of allegiance which is capable of bringing diverse self interest in governance. At the end of the day, only NGOs are capable of the largest rate of accountability to the people, who are supposed to be beneficiaries of global governance. Accountability to the states by the international organisations, is supposed to be a form of ind irect accountability to the people, but this only works if the state is effectively accountable to its people. At the end of the day, it looks like they all are pursuing interests other than that of the people. Also, NGOs are obviously the only channel through which active public opinion is sought, developed nations try to do this to an extent. Developing nations most times do not have the facility or the conscience to seek public opinion. In Nigeria for example, results of the nations dealings with other countries only appear in newspapers, when most times, nobody even knew the country was entering an agreement anywhere. The media is used to seek public opinion, and more than half of the nation probably do not even have access to a television, newspaper or radio. WHAT CAN BE DONE? One of the most mportant things that can be proposed for an increased success in global governance is the increased effectiveness of international organisations,(Baylis, et al. 2008 p.35). Since international organisations are the highest determinant of regulations in economic and political activities, they should have the ability to function effectively independently of any hegemonic power or dominant state. If these organisations are equipped with mechanisms to achieve their goals and less vetoes and influence comes from the states, they might just be able to transform into organisations with enough backbone to see the world through. The possibility of total autonomy from the states might not be possible, but if partial autonomy is achieved, it will be better, at least GATT was a more dominated version of WTO and it was successfully transformed to this institution with better autonomy and standard dispute resolution techniques, (Narlikar,2005. P. 86). Efficiency in the making and execution of policies, in penalties for transgressors, sanctions, supports and objective governance, are crucial to any organisation established for regulating world affairs. If this actor of global governance is effective, it will be able to regulate the results of globalisation and the relationship between the states, NGOs and TNCs in economy and politics. NGOs and TNCs are consisted mainly of private organisations, so the most effective way to achieve effective governance is through the international organisations who can check the excesses of the other actors. There also needs to be a balance between the attention given to economic, political and social issues. The concentration of the present form of governance on global market outcomes, states competition and power tussle, has left a huge gap in the social arena. These issues should not take precedence over poverty, education, health, employment, environment, etc. less hegemonic dominance is required to build a better and sustainable system of global governance. BIBLIOGRAPHY BOOKS BAYLIS, J., SMITH, S. and OWEN, P. eds.(2005) The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations, 3rd ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press). BAYLIS, J., SMITH, S., and OWEN, P. eds. (2008) The Globalisation of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations, 3rd ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press). GILPIN, R., (2002), A Realist Perspective on International Governance in Held, D. and McGrew, A. eds., Governing Globalization: Power, Authority and Global Governance, (Cambridge: Polity Press). Held, D. et al (1999) Corporate Power and Global Production Networks Global Transformations, (Stanford: Stanford University Press), Ch. 5: 236-282. Held, D. and McGrew, A. eds (2002) Governing Globalization: Power, Authority and Global Governance, (Cambridge: Polity press). MURPHY, C.N., (2002) Why Pay Attention To Global Governance in Wilkinson, R. and Hughes, S. eds. Global Governance: Critical Perspectives, (London: Routledge). Narlikar, A. (2005) The World Trade Organization: A very short introduction, (Oxford: Oxford University Press). OBrien, R. et al (2000) Contesting Global Governance: Multilateral Economic Institutions and Global Social Movements, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). OBrien, R. and Williams, M. (2007) Governing Global Political Economy Global Political Economy: Evolution and Dynamics, Ch. 13, (Basingstoke:Palgrave). Wilkinson, R. and Hughes, S. eds. (2002) Global Governance: Critical Perspectives (London: Routledge). JOURNAL ARTICLES Castells, M. (2008) The New Public Sphere: Global Civil Society, Communication Networks and Global Governance, The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political Science, 616(1): 78-93. Held, D. (2000) Regulating Globalization? The Reinvention of Politics, International Sociology, 15(2): 394-408. Mathews, J. (1997) Power Shift Foreign Affairs, 76(1): 50-66. Murphy, C.N. (2000) Global Governance: Poorly done, and Poorly Understood, International Affairs, 76(4): 789-803. Slaughter, A-M. (1997) The Real New World Order, Foreign Affairs, 76(5): 183-197. BROADCAST CNN Living, (CNN Heroes), 2009 [TV Programme] CNN, 28 November 2009.