INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS - Research Paper Example In Turkey, the dominant religion is Muslim; others are Christian and Jewish religions. Any problem in Peoplehood, in Turkey, maybe created by the fact that people believing in Christian and Jewish religions, maybe seen as inferior by people believing in the greater Muslim religion (Ibrahim & GÃ ¼rbey 78). Nation-states in their lifetime experience problems pertaining to territory and sovereignty. The conflicts usually arise because of other nation-states scrambling for resources owned by a different nation-state. Various problems regarding Turkey’s territory and sovereignty have been witnessed. In particular, there have been territorial disputes between Turkey and Iraq. To defend its territory and sovereignty, Turkey has retaliated against Kurdish insurgents from Iraq a number of times (Ibrahim & GÃ ¼rbey 98). Nationalism is a political concept that entails citizens of a defined nation or state deeply identifying themselves with their nation or state. The citizens, through self-determination usually strive to sustain and achieve some national goal. Nationalism originates from the idea of having a common origin, traditions, cultural ties and ethnicity. Through nationalism, an individual becomes a citizen of a nation or state voluntarily (Smith 37). Nationalism relates to nation building through the act of individuals in a nation or state voluntarily identifying themselves, their goals and determination with the state or nation. Individuals usually direct their self-determination towards the state, which results in nation building. An example of a demonstration of nationalism has been the act of citizens coming out to fight for the freedom of their state when insurgents or terrorists attack their state (Smith 36). Nationalism relates with international relations through the fact that it identifies simple nations or states, which

Directors remuneration Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Directors remuneration - Assignment Example But, before that director’s role must be defined. Section 741 of the companies Act (CA) 1985 defines the term director: any person occupying the position of director, by whatever name that position occupying person is called (Corporate and business law (UK), exam kit, 2007/08). Primarily, this definition does not much focus on the definition of the director rather it emphasizes on the function the person performs; this stipulates that whether he is a director or not. Remuneration may include the following benefits received by directors: gains on the exercise of share options; benefits either received or receivable under long-term incentive schemes; payments received for the loss of office (as defined in the section 215); benefits and contributions receivable for the purpose of providing benefits , with respect to the past services of person as director or in any other capacity while director; (legislation.gov.uk, web); consideration paid to or consideration receivable by third parties for making available the services of a person as director or in any other capacity while director. The above given elements amounts to remuneration and benefits received by a director. ... e auditable part of the directors’ remuneration report, How much of information relating to the directors’ remuneration is to be included in the report. Additionally, it is the duty of any director of a company and any other person who is or has at any time in the preceding five years been a director of the company, to bring into the notice of the company of such matters either relating to himself as may be significant for the purposes of regulations under this section. If a person in the above mentioned capacity makes default in complying with these regulatory requirements commits an offence; as a result, he is liable and accountable on summary conviction; as a result, he would be fined for that offence according to the level 3 on the standard scale. Approval and signing of directors’ remuneration report The board of directors is authorised to approve the directors’ remuneration report and this report must be signed on behalf of the board by a director or the secretary of the company (under section 422 (1), chapter 4, Annual accounts, Companies Act 2006(c.46)). In most of the quoted companies, it is the responsibility of the company secretary to sign the directors’ remuneration report. In case, the secretary of the company is not available, any director may be authorised to sign on behalf of the board. If a directors’ remuneration report is approved but it is unable to satisfy the requirements of the Act, every directors of the company commits an offence who knew that the report did not qualify the requirements, or who failed to take appropriate steps to ensure the compliance with the Act requirements. Any person found guilty of an offence under this section will be responsible and may face a legal action provided in the company’s law. Quoted companies:

Article Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Article - Research Paper Example The most common environmental factors are toxins and exposure to pesticides. Toxic chemicals like MPTP, Toluene, Carbon Disulphide, and cyanide; and certain pesticides like rotenone and paraquat affect significant changes in vital neural components. Exposure to toxic chemicals and pesticides are found to cause damage and loss of â€Å"dopaminergic neurons and clinical Parkinsonism† (Chao et al.). Pesticides like paraquat and rotenone has also been observed to depreciate both dopaminergic neurons and typical Parkinsonism. Furthermore, these chemicals inspire contact with genetic expression thereby curbing genetic mutations. As a result, genetics have been particularly considered in the continuing research on Parkinson’s disease. There is no known cure for Parkinson’s disease so far; and most of the treatments available today are used to either prevent or contain the degeneration of the disease. According to Chao et al (2012), current treatments for Parkinsonâ€⠄¢s disease are categorized into two main subgroups: symptom-relieving drugs and surgical treatments. Common symptom-relieving drugs include L-dopa, dopamine agonists, bromocriptine, ropinirole, cabergoline, and pergolide among others. Examples of surgical treatments for Parkinson’s disease patients are â€Å"deep brain stimulation, implantation of embryonic dopaminergic cells, and gene therapy† (Chao et al.). These surgical treatments generally aim for tempering motor and non-motor symptoms. Recently, the use of nutraceuticals has been widely employed as an alternative to treating degenerative symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. One example of nutraceuticals – essentially refers to â€Å"food or food products† (Chao et al.) that are scientifically found to provide medical and health benefits, and which exhibit potential preventive capabilities against certain diseases – are antioxidants like Vitamins C and E. According to Anderson et al., consuming foods

The Determinants of Sustainable Competitive Advantage in International Research Paper

The Determinants of Sustainable Competitive Advantage in International Marketing - Research Paper Example Same way many other prominent companies failed to develop properly in international market because of their misinterpretations and wrong perceptions about the sustainable competitive strategies in international market. Knowledge management, cost leadership or differentiating, innovation or development of new products, timing of introduction of new products, customization of the product and technology, superior technology, ability to adapt with local cultures, commitment to demonstrates corporate social responsibility, geographic dispersion of activities etc are some areas in which international companies should focus more to sustain their competitive advantage in international market. This paper analyses various determinants of sustainable competitive advantage in International Marketing. A company that operates in a small number of countries or within in a restricted business sector may believe that its competitive advantage comes from low cost manufacturing, design capability and d istribution efficiency. However when exposed to global competition it may find that its own competitive advantages cannot be transported to new countries and discover, instead, that regional or global competitors have even greater competitive advantage in their own domestic markets as wells as in the target country market (Doole & Lowe, p.430). Knowledge management is one of the major determinants of competitive advantage in international market. As mentioned earlier, Parker Pen Company tried to sell its products in international market using same marketing strategies everywhere. Parker Pen was the market leader in the manufacturing of writing equipment once. But now same thing cannot be said about them because of the huge setbacks they received from international market during the initial period of globalization. â€Å"The idea of selling pens the same way everywhere did not sit well with many parker subsidiaries and distributors. Pens were indeed the same, but markets, were diffe rent† (Marketing across cultures, p.195). Parker thought that for the same product, same marketing strategy is enough everywhere. They failed to recognize the fact that the global market is different from domestic market and it needs customized marketing strategies for each market outside, United States. It should be noted that Tiger Woods could be a good brand Ambassador in American conditions whereas in Indian conditions, instead of Tiger Woods, Sachin Tendulkar or Shah Ruk Khan could be a better brand ambassador. In short, local knowledge is essential for international companies to formulate better business strategies for each global market in which they try to sell their products. â€Å"Traditional approaches to developing competitive advantage focus on developing a positional advantage relative to competition based either on cost leadership or differentiating the product /service offering† (Craig and Douglas). However, in international market, cost leadership or di fferentiation strategies alone may not help an organization much. For example, most of the Chinese products are believed to be the cheapest products available in the global market at present, compared to the products from competitors. China is focusing more on quantity rather than quality while producing goods. Cheaper price may help Chinese companies to sell their